The COMBAT EXPOSURE Scale (CES) as a self - report instrument was constructed by Keane et al. (1989) to assess the degree of wartime stressors experienced by COMBATants and veterans. The authors of this scale claimed that it possesses sound psychometric properties as compared to other relevant tests. The present study also examined and reconfirmed these characteristics in an Iranian war veterans sample. As evidenced by this and other studies, the amount of COMBAT EXPOSURE was significantly correlated with severity of PTSD symptoms. The CES can be used as a "foot in the door" to obtain more detailed information about the particular stressors that the person has experienced. The limitations of subjective measure of COMBAT stressors are discussed

There is little question anymore about the reality of Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as a disorder. For some, this disorder progressively worsens over time and appears to affect nearly all aspects of life, including work, interpersonal relationships, physical health, and view of self. The severity of PTSD may lead to repeated hospitalizations over the years and may require ongoing outpatient treatment. Moreover, a resurfacing of previously controlled symptoms may appear with old age, as former victims become physically incapacitated, suffer losses, and lose social support systems.So far as, no comprehensive effort has been made to determine the joint effects of a range of factors (e.g. COMBAT EXPOSURE, locus of control and social support) on post-traumatic stress and somatic symptoms in a single study comprising of non-clinical samples of Iranian War veterans/COMBATants who had war EXPOSURE during Iran-Iraq conflict.The results of the current study demonstrate that COMBAT stress has potential long-lasting effects that leave soldiers emotionally vulnerable, resulting in post-traumatic stress disorder.The study also reveals the effect of COMBAT stress on somatic complaints. The result regarding social support was in accordance with earlier findings about the positive effects of social support on psychological adjustment. The findings also revealed the importance of locus of control in the development of post-traumatic stress disorder. Participants with external locus of control, scored higher on PTSD and somatic complaints than participants with internal locus of control, interestingly, the hypotheses of an interaction between social support and locus of control were not confirmed. Number of methodological and conceptual problems imposed certain limitations on these conclusions.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to compare the Iranian taekwondo-in statistically in terms of total injury rates to international counterparts as gleaned from the extant literature.Methods: The Iranian sample consisted of 204 male taekwondo-in participating in the national championship. The international sample included the participants in national and international tournaments. Validated standard questionnaires were employed at all tournaments to collect injury data that were always diagnosed by the respective tournament physicians. An injury was defined as any circumstance for which assistance was sought from the medical personnel. In addition to injury rates, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) around the rates were computed. To assess which group was at higher risk, odds ratios were calculated, including the 95%CIs.Results: Compared to Greek counterparts, the injury rate for the Iranian taekwondo-in was statistically significantly higher. The Iranians were also at a higher risk to incur an injury: OR=11.2 (95% CI: 6.60-18.88, P<0.001, CLR=2.86). When comparing the Iranian taekwondo-in to their colleagues competing at the 1999 World Championships, the former recorded a statistically significantly lower injury rate but the latter were not at a higher risk (OR=0.61, 95% CI:0.41-0.91, P=0.014, CLR=2.20). Conclusion: A statistical comparison of total injury rates in Iranian and international taekwondo-in revealed no difference between the two groups. However, what is of concern is that the total injury rate across taekwondo studies is significantly higher than those reported for American football

This paper aimed to identify and assess the components of the COMBAT service support system in Ground COMBAT appropriate to future threats. The study population includes all commanders, mangers and deputies working at the AJA and Ground Force headquarters in the position of General (and above) who are familiar with the desired system. This population sampled by purposive method. For interview, they have also been selected in judgment sampling method. Data collected through the documents, interviews and questionnaires and analyzed via SPSS software. Finally, the agility components of the COMBAT service support system in ground COMBAT appropriate to future threats are as follow: active and flexible, up-to-date, continuity of support, reliability, integrity with decentralization, creative and innovative, logistical security, long persistence, easy access, cost-saving.

Background & Aims: Body Mass Index (BMI) is a factor that affects the quality of panoramic images. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of panoramic digital images with Safe Beam EXPOSURE (SBE) and manual dose adjustment among patients with different BMI levels. Material & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 patients, aged 20-60 years who were prescribed panoramic radiography in the course of their treatment were selected randomly as samples. 50% of the subjects were allocated to the manual dose adjustment group and 50% were distributed randomly to the SBE technology group. After grading quality of the images, scores were entered into the SPSS software. Results: The mean age of participants was 37. 96± 11. 96. 53. 5% of participants were women and 46. 5% were men. 87% of the samples fell in BMI of 18. 5 ≤ to ≥ 30. The overall quality of the images included noise (p=0. 0003), contrast (p=0. 0001), density (p=0. 0002), and resolution (p=0. 0003) and anatomical indicators included Laminadora (p= 0. 0003), edge sharpness of teeth (p = 0. 0002), mandibular canal walls (p = 0. 0001), apex end of upper molar teeth (p = 0. 0002), and DEJ limit (p= 0. 0002). SBE technology in various categories of BMI was better than manual dose adjustment. Conclusion: SBE technology could be used as a new technology to obtain images with higher quality and better anatomical resolution in various categories of BMI. As BMI decreases, the diagnostic quality of the different anatomical landmarks examined in the panoramic images increases.

Drug policy-making requires proper estimates of drug-related trends. This reveals the necessity of paying attention to future research in this field. In this regard, the present study seeks to investigate the future of the approaches of the Police against Drugs in Khorasan Razavi province. This research is a mixed research of documentary and survey method. Library studies and questionnaires and Delphi techniques were used to collect the data. The statistical population of the present study is all managers, deputies, senior experts and experts of police in Khorasan Razavi province, who are either decision makers or activists in this field, as well as officials of the Presidential Counter Narcotics Headquarters in the said province. Are people. The purpose of this study was to obtain the opinions of 13 experts. In the present study, Delphi and scenario-based methods were used among the future research methods and according to the nature of the research. They were first identified using the Delphi-uncertainty approach that the drug police will face in the future. Then, two key uncertainties are identified and expressed on the basis of binary scenario scenarios.

A number of studies related to wars have delineated variables that prevent of promote the individual's ability to cope with COMBAT stress. The proposed model is interactional in that it posits a number of antecedent variables acting through mediating variables to affect the individual's appraisal of the COMBAT situation. The antecedent variables comprised of the individual factors, unit factors and battlefield factors. Individual includes personality factors, nonmilitary stress, prior COMBAT EXPOSURE, and role in COMBAT. Unit factors refer to cohesion and type of morale, training, leadership, and commitment. Battlefield factors can be summarized as type of battle, surprise and uncertainty, and environmental factors. The most important mediating variables are cognitive components including interpretations, expectations, form of presentation, and appraisal of COMBAT situation. Based on the individual and mediating variables, the modes of response to stressful COMBAT situations may be established in different categories such as physical, emotional, cognitive and social. Finally, an integrated mode of coping can be established through these modes of responses ranging from various results at activity to passivity to actual breakdown.